Extraction of DNA from onions - 1450 Words

EXTRACTION OF DNA FROM ONIONS ABSTRACT The purpose of the experiment was to experience firsthand the isolation of DNA form a plant tissue without destroying its structure and sequence. A white onion was used for the experiment. After several processes, DNA isolate was the visible result. Different chemical tests were performed on the DNA isolate, namely: Dische Test, Murexide Test, Wheeler-Johnson test and Test for Phosphate. Visible results were then noted. INTRODUCTION DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was discovered in the late 1800s, but its role as the material of heredity was not elucidated for fifty years after that. It occupies a central and critical role in the cell as the genetic information in which all the information required to†¦show more content†¦The heat softens the membrane as a whole. This entire step, homogenation, is used to free the DNA from its protective barriers. Then crude papain was added, because Deproteinization which involves adding a protease enzyme Papain will denature the proteins clinging to the DNA making the molecule flexible and easy to spool. Then the solution was then heated again to 60 degrees for 10 minutes with occasional stirring. Then it was placed in an ice bath, this is because by cooling the solution, it will help prevent denaturation, which might destroy the DNA if it was exposed to prolonged heating. Swirling was done in order not to shock the DNA from the sudden change in temperature. After putting it in an ice bath, the solution was then placed in a blender and was blended for 45 seconds, after. This was done because the procedure also frees the DNA from another protective barrier, the thick cell wall that all plant cells have. The blending should cause many of the cell walls, containing cellulose, to break, and therefore leave the DNA in the cytoplasm, and no protective thick cellulose wall blocking the cytoplasm from its external environment. We did not need to do this to the bacteria because it does not have a cell wall. The blended solution was then filtered through 4 layers of cheesecloth leaving the foam untouched. This is because itShow MoreRelatedThe Forensic Analysis Of Dna972 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Forensic Analysis of DNA Introduction All living beings possess DNA that is unique to them.2 For this reason DNA is often used in criminal investigations to help ascertain a perpetrators identity1. In this lab we intend to mimic the methodology involved in such a process. DNA consists of thymine, guanine, cytosine and adenine in a double helix structure, in a sequence that is unique to each person.2 A lysis solution is to be used to safely isolate onion DNA from tissue, consisting of sodiumRead MoreExtracting Onion Dna1346 Words   |  6 PagesExtraction of DNA from an Onion Molecular biologists and biochemists are involved with research in finding out as much as possible about the DNA in plants. DNA was discovered in the 1950’s, there still remains a lot to be known about it, especially how it is used to determine the physical traits that we all have, and how it regulates the workings of the body. deoxyribonucleic acid is a chemical, we can do reactions with it just like we can work with any other chemical. Experiment: Note: Read MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Haploid And Haploid Cells Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pageschromosomes, essentially chromosomes are compacted chromatins as they both carry genetic information in the appearance of genes. Contrast: Chromosomes are a condensed chromatin fibers that are higher up in the order of DNA. Chromatins are composed of nucleosomes and are lower in the order of DNA. Chromosomes are compact, thick and coiled while chromatin is comprised of thin and long fibers that are uncoiled in their structure unlike chromosomes. Chromosomes are paired together while chromatin are unpairedRead MoreBio 101 Essay24965 Words   |  100 Pages               Lab  5:  Ã‚  The  Chemistry  of  Life   Lab  6:  Ã‚  Diffusion   Lab  7:  Ã‚  Osmosis   Lab  8:  Ã‚  Respiration   Lab  9:  Ã‚  Enzymes        Ã‚  The  Cell:      Lab  10:  Ã‚  Cell  Structure  Ã‚  Function                  Lab  11:  Ã‚  Mitosis   Lab  12:  Ã‚  Meiosis   Lab  13:  Ã‚  DNA  Ã‚  RNA   Lab  14:  Ã‚  Mendelian  Genetics   Lab  15:  Ã‚  Population  Genetics         3   Common  Labware  found  in  ESL  Kits      4      Lab  Safety   Always  follow  the  instructions  in  your  laboratory  manual  and  these  general  rules:   eScience  LabsRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 PagesPhysical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on populationRead MoreJournal Of Essential Oil Bearing Plant : Article Report5034 Words   |  21 PagesEssential Oil Bearing Plants Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop20 Effect of Time Distillation on Chemical Constituents and Anti-Diabetic Activity of the Essential Oil from Dark Green Parts of Egyptian Allium ampeloprasum L. Yasser A. Selimab Mohamed I. Sakerancd a Faculty of Specific Education, Zagazig University, Zagazig,44519, Egypt b Department of Basic Clinical Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, P. QaseemRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesIndustrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation Professor of Engineering. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, all in engineering. From 1969 to 1984 he was a faculty member of the School of Industrial Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology; from 1984 to 1988 he was at the University of Washington, where he held the John M. Fluke Distinguished Chair of Manufacturing Engineering, was Professor of Mechanical

The Case of the Omniscient Organization - 1207 Words

Case Analysis: The Case of the Omniscient Organization Introduction In this case study, Dominion-Swann (DS) has implemented a â€Å"radical restructuring of the work environment† in order to regain control of its employees. By 1990, DS had been suffering from a number of business woes. It was not keeping pace with its competition, employee turnover had increased substantially, health costs and work-related accidents were rising, and employee theft was at an all-time high. Instead of identifying and addressing the underlying business and management problems, DS decided to treat the symptoms by turning to SciexPlan Inc. to help radically restructure the work environment through the use of employee monitoring technology. Background†¦show more content†¦Off-duty conduct may be relevant to employment if the misconduct negatively impacts the employee s work performance or the company s mission. However, the systematic monitoring employed by DS raises serious privacy concerns. Monitoring all employees’ activities, rather than just the activities of employees under suspicion of specific misconduct, constitutes a blanket search that brings enormous privacy concerns. Recommendations DS would be better off with no employee monitoring rather than scrutinizing its employees every move. Once the employee monitoring creates a morale problem, all of the value it has created will be diminished. If DS is to continue with employee monitoring systems, it must create and clearly communicate a monitoring policy for employees. DS needs to start with human-oriented policies, then use technology to enforce them. As it stands right now, DS is exerting too much power in its invasion of employee privacy in the workplace. DS is exploiting the lack of regulation in this area in order to implement extremely invasive methods of employee surveillance. Until employees are protected by regulation to protect their rights to privacy in the workplace, DS should assume responsibility to self regulate by limiting the amount of surveillance, implementing it only when it achieves specific goals for success. Monitoring should beShow MoreRelatedFinding An Agent Should Be The Step Before Polishing Your Manuscript886 Words   |  4 Pagessynopsis explains your plot and entices an agent to read your full manuscript. If you want to avoid your submission being disregarded, there are certain conventions that must be followed; in this report, you will learn about the typical voice, format, organization, and style conventions. The first convention, voice, is intended to ensure the agent requests a full manuscript and subsequently offers to represent your novel. 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Scaffold- Placed in the center of the town it sits up high and is used for the punishment of ones crime, which in the case of Hester is public humiliation. b. Hester’s Home- Hester and Pearl live in a small cottage with a thatched roof on the outskirts of town near the waterfront. c. Forest- The forest is symbolized as the Devil’s playground; however, it is filledRead MoreThe Democratic Republic Of Congo1487 Words   |  6 Pagesand even cases of patronage along ethnic lines. Like the chewas and Tumbukas are allies and Zambia and adversaries in Malawi based on the ethnic polarization effect( the size of the ethnic group influencing politics), there has been and still are cases of political instability in Eastern DRC with the Hutus and Tutsis ethnic groups. This ethnic conflict in eastern Congo has been the most deadly one since the second World War, and its social consequence have been disastrous. 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The Inner Party stays inRead MoreThe Value of Digital Privacy in the Information Technology Age1283 Words   |  5 Pageson capturing, analyzing, categorizing and using personal data that had been highly protected in the past for purposes of securing nations (Ottensmeyer, Heroux, 1991). Correspondingly, there has never been a time when every aspect of life in an organization is monitored, from personal computer and telephone use to the use of personal Wi-Fi and networking devices (Riedy, Wen, 2010). The first section of this analysis is to analyze three technologies that allow individuals to research other citizens

The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States Free Essays

The implementation of a universal health program in the U. S. is one of the many plans presented by President Barack Obama during his campaign several months ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now (AP, 2007) Now that Obama is the president, we might be expecting this particular response to problems in health care that have been a burden to many Americans in the past years. However, will a nationalized, universal health program resolve the various issues that have been plaguing health care over the years? Reviewing the possible upshots or consequences of this program would serve as rejoinders to this question. A nationalized, universal health program is a seeming response to the problem of limited healthcare coverage in the country although compared with other nations; the U. S. spends large amounts of money for this particular service. (AP, 2007) In general, a universal health program will provide all citizens of the U. S. ith health insurances regardless of the guidelines previously set as qualifications for individuals who are allowed to access healthcare insurance and services. Other issues addressed by a universal health programs is the high cost of healthcare services and medicine, the involvement of private insurance companies in providing healthcare insurance to all, and the prevention of medical errors. (â€Å"Healthcare,† N. D. ) The positive effects of a universal health program constitute healthcare access to all the citizens of the U. S. , whether they are employed or unemployed, obtaining extreme salary ranges or household incomes, and such. However, the program might not gain support from the private sector, particularly insurance providers and employers, as well as other people who do not wish to experience high taxes. Insurance providers will be out of business and the people will be expecting tax increases to provide for healthcare resources. Medical health professionals and healthcare workers might suffer from the increase in number of people who require health care services, leading to the need of expanding the country’s healthcare workforce, and consequentially, resources to fund the expanded workforce. In addition, the quality of healthcare might not undergo improvements or developments due to limited funding, since majority of healthcare resources are allocated to providing healthcare insurance to all. Overall, although the universal health program is an excellent way for the government to address the needs of its people, there are various issues and challenges that must be resolved to ensure the smooth facilitation and implementation of the program. The government should look for ways to arrive at a consensus with private insurance providers, encourage citizens to establish careers in healthcare, and to assure the citizens that tax raises will be able to resolve the issues of limited access to healthcare in the country affecting the health and welfare of the people. How to cite The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States, Papers

Strategies to Overcome Biasness-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Despite even our best efforts to accurately gather and interpret information, none of us has perfect perception. Instead, a variety of factors limit our ability to gather and process information and make accurate judgements. Discuss the factors that limit and distort our perception and contribute to bias. What can individuals and organisations do to overcome this? Answer: Introduction In the current complicated and diverse organisations, it is very rare that two people have same mind-set and thinking. Every individual and organisation has their own mind-sets or views or perception towards something. Perception is a procedure by which persons mentally establish some sort of sensual info in their environment in order to give it a meaning that can help them to recognize why things might not always like the way they are viewing it. In simple terms, perceptions could be defined as the procedure of observation and interpretation. Another important aspect that helps individuals and organisations is bias. In terms of definition, bias can be referred as the inadequate valuation between two different substitutes that typically puts one option in a favourable place and other in an unfavourable one. Perception and bias at the place of work are effected by many features that can outline and occasionally also disrupt or misrepresent the views. Every individual and organisations has their own set of personal appearances such as character, age, gender, values, attitudes, goals, purposes, outlooks, which interrupts how an individual or an organisation understands the world and the atmosphere around them. This essay will discuss the factors that limit and distort the perception of an individual and organisation and lead to bias. Along with it, the study will also illustrate the strategies that individuals and organisations can utilise to overcome this biasness. Factors that limits and distorts the perception and lead to bias Perception and bias at the place of work are effected by many features that can form and sometimes also disrupt or misrepresent the views (Dolgov, 2009). Every individual and organisations has their personal set of individualities such as behaviour, age, sex, culture, approaches, goals, purposes, prospects, which interrupts how an individual or an organisation reads the world and the atmosphere around them. Same personal characteristics can be seen in others which are used to develop perceptions (Sahar, 2014). But the context on which the perception gets developed is also very important for individuals and organisation. When personal characteristics and context are taken into deliberation, it is easy to understand how quickly opinions regarding a same thing could vary from person to person. At the workshop, the insights of the people which they have regarding each other can importantly disturb the way in which an organisation functions. Individuals senses help them to gain basic information about its surroundings and also basic inputs about the world. These inputs or information are used to put them in order in such a way that are beneficial to individuals and their attempts in dealing with the surroundings (Sloos and McKeown, 2015). Individuals gather these inputs with the help of four different stages namely, stimuli, registering, organising and analysing. The last stage of the stated procedure which is the interpretation and analysis is called as perception (Pronin, 2007). The perception of an individual gets distort by number of individual factors such as needs of the perceiver, past experience, emotional mind set and many more. Here are the major factors that limit and distort the perception of an individual and contribute to bias: A cognitive bias is referred to the methodical pattern of the abnormality from norm or rationality in judgment in which implications about the others and situations may be drawn into an irrational fashion (Hales and Johnson, 2014). According to this paradigm, individuals create their own pattern of particular social reality from their insight of the input (Sloos and McKeown, 2015). In terms of definition, cognitive bias can be referred as the attempts of the individual to simplify the information procedures. It is evident that people sometimes takes shortcuts which lead them towards a wrong path. Here are some of the cognitive biases: Stereotypy can is seen in places where individuals and organisations see some certain attributes or traits in connection or association with a specific group as an outcome of their specialisation on a specific culture (Kristovics et al., 2011). Stereotyping is a situation when an individual or organisation judges someone on the basis of their perception of the group to which the person belongs. Halo effect can be taken as the tendency or predisposition to critic or review the particular qualities and attributes from a general notion about just one quality or attribute. Any individual or organisation that works under the halo effect simple assumes a tailored or adapted rational consistency of certain attributes (Howgego, 2015). Under this, an individual is admired for one of his or her trait through which he or she will be rated well on other traits as well. A halo effect is considered as the outcome in an area due to factors derived from another (Kozzowski, 2016). The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias which is an overall imprint of an individual effect on how they feel and think about their specific characters. As for illustration, the halo effect can be seen on the actions regarding the overall impression of celebrities. People perceive then attractive and successful which also tends them to think celebrities as intelligent, kind and funny. According to the Psychologist Edward Thorndike, characteristics included in the halo effect are the leadership, physical appearance, intelligence, loyalty and dependability. Another example of halo effect can be seen in classroom (Karthick, 2010). If a teacher who sees a well-behave student is good in academic tend to assume that the specific student is also bright and engaged with other teachers and students in good manner. In the context of organisation, halo effect can be seen at the workplace (Jussim, 2012). The stated effect is most likely to show up in a managers assessment regarding an assistants working presentation. The supervisor may develop the total perception about the subordinate on a single feature of the worker such as passion. Projection is a type of cognitive bias that develops when an individual perceives some specific attributes in others that are actually his or her own but are not desirable to him or humiliating to other (Pronin, 2007). According to several studies, people who themselves have some specific negative trait rates others very high on the same traits. It is a kind of projection bias that persons are disposed to scheme their present penchant to future penchant prediction and to overstate the degree in which their future liking will bear a resemblance to their present one (Hales and Johnson, 2014). It has been seen in many studies that this kind of trait or phenomenon in different judgement and decision making situations. Some of the factors that influence the projection bias are the endogenous factors that consist of emotional state and need, and the exogenous factors such as weather condition and choosing situation (Vassilopoulos and Moberly, 2012). In simple terms, projection bias occurs with individuals and organisation when they behave as if their future choices will be more likely to their present choices. According to psychologist Alan Marlatt, projection bias hints people to overrate their own ability to battle the temptations around them while declining the attempts to work out the self-control. According to him, people might feel greater self-assurance regarding their capability to cope with the enticement when they are in cool state. It is the confidence that leads people to let them down on their guard (Hales and Johnson, 2014). Projection bias can also get developed interpersonally. When an individual projects his or her feelings onto another person, he or she may make that individual resemble him or herself and could deliver insight to the person. In the projection bias, individuals project their own current information on themselves in the past. Selective Perception is a type of cognitive bias that tends to focus on the peoples attention on the issues that they relate to their own interests, experiences, attitudes, not only in pointing their perception about the others but also in any situation (Hales and Johnson, 2014). Every organisation and individual has some cognitive biases that get developed due to some specific expectations that they may have. Once a person pampers himself or herself in the selective perception due to some active thinking, he or she can relocate this information to long-term memory. The attribution theory eventually explains how people identify the reasons for the other people behaviours. This theory is about how people interpret events and in their minds and relates them to the way they think or behave. Attribution theory is termed as the psychological theory that attempts to explain the behaviour and is very useful in the management of the organisations. Attribution theory is significant for the associations as it assist managers to comprehend some of the cause of worker behaviour and can assist workers in accepting their own way of thinking regarding their own behaviour (Gelfand, Chiu and Hong, 2011). If a person can understand why he or she is behaving in a certain way and could also recognise why others are behaving in a certain way, then that person could have better understanding of yourself, others and organisation. The perception regarding the causes of particular behaviour could affect the judgement and actions of both the employees and the managers. A ttribution theory could also play an important role in the motivation of the employees. Strategies to overcome biasness in perception In general, individuals simple tends to assume that others are internally responsible for their own behaviour as they are not aware of all the impacting factors (Vassilopoulos and Moberly, 2012). Thus, it is important for organisations and individuals to minimise the biases in the perceptions. Here are several strategies that could be used to reduce the bias in perception: The first strategy is identifying and confronting the stereotypes. Changing the understanding biases is a proof that individual is acknowledging employees with a same eye. Though it is usual to rely on the stereotypes, perceptions are sure to result on the outlay of someone else (Attarha and Moore, 2014). It is important to recognise the stereotypes that individuals or organisations are holding. By doing so, individuals will helped to be more aware of them for minimizing their impact on their behaviour. Another approach that could reduce the biasness in perception is by evaluation of the people on the basis of objective factors. The more impartial the information an individual use top judge others, the less their judgements will be theme to perceptual distortion (Karthick, 2010). Another thing that can be done is avoiding the rash judgements. It is evident that human jumps to conclusion on what people are like, even when they know very little about them. It is important that organisations or individuals take considerable time to know the individual properly. The third approach that could be used to reduce bias is by taking the visible action. As an organisation executes its strategy it is important to seek some tactics that are visible and then promote the actions which needs to be taken. But it is also important to state here that changing perceptions needs more than those with negative perceptions seeking what are different. It is important to state that people and individuals must feel the change (Attarha and Moore, 2014). Measuring the progress is also important. It is important that individuals regularly check the views on the basis of some initial critics. By engaging in some of the critics in the strategy development procedures, an individual can diminish his or her perceptions. Conclusion It has been found in the study that perception and bias at the factory are effected by many factors that can form and occasionally also disrupt or misrepresent the views. Every individual and organisations has their own set of personal appearances such as personality, age, gender, culture, attitudes, goals, motives, prospects, which interrupts how an individual or an organisation understands the world and the atmosphere around them. Same personal characteristics can be seen in others which are used to develop perceptions. For reducing the biasness in perception, it is important to recognise the stereotypes that individuals or organisations are holding. By doing so, individuals will helped to be more aware of them for minimizing their impact on their behaviour. The study revealed that for diminishing distort in perception measuring the progress is also important. It is important that individuals regularly check the views on the basis of some initial critics. By engaging in some of the critics in the strategy development procedures, an individual can diminish his or her perceptions. References Attarha, M. and Moore, C. (2014). Onset rivalry: factors that succeed and fail to bias selection.Attention, Perception, Psychophysics, 77(2), pp.520-535. Dolgov, I. (2009).On perceptual regularities and the axis-aligned motion bias. Gelfand, M., Chiu, C. and Hong, Y. (2011). Advances in culture and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Hales, S. and Johnson, J. (2014). Luck Attributions and Cognitive Bias.Metaphilosophy, 45(4-5), pp.509-528. Howgego, J. (2015). Cognitive bias. New Scientist, 228(3051), pp.31-32. Jussim, L. (2012).Social perception and social reality. New York: Oxford University Press. Karthick, K. (2010).Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: Himalaya Pub. House. Kozzowski, u. (2016). The Halo Effect in Banking? Evidence from Polish Local Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kristovics, A., Kinicki, A., Kinicki, A., McShane, S., Kreitner, R., Lamberton, L., Dwyer, J., Luthans, F. and Colquitt, J. (2011).Organisational behaviour. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Custom Publishing. Pronin, E. (2007). Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), pp.37-43. Sahar, G. (2014). On the Importance of Attribution Theory in Political Psychology.Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(5), pp.229-249. Sloos, M. and McKeown, D. (2015). Bias in Auditory Perception.i-Perception, 6(5), p.204166951560715. Vassilopoulos, S. and Moberly, N. (2012). Cognitive Bias Modification in Pre-adolescent Children: Inducing an Interpretation Bias Affects Self-imagery.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), pp.547-556.