Extraction of DNA from onions - 1450 Words

EXTRACTION OF DNA FROM ONIONS ABSTRACT The purpose of the experiment was to experience firsthand the isolation of DNA form a plant tissue without destroying its structure and sequence. A white onion was used for the experiment. After several processes, DNA isolate was the visible result. Different chemical tests were performed on the DNA isolate, namely: Dische Test, Murexide Test, Wheeler-Johnson test and Test for Phosphate. Visible results were then noted. INTRODUCTION DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was discovered in the late 1800s, but its role as the material of heredity was not elucidated for fifty years after that. It occupies a central and critical role in the cell as the genetic information in which all the information required to†¦show more content†¦The heat softens the membrane as a whole. This entire step, homogenation, is used to free the DNA from its protective barriers. Then crude papain was added, because Deproteinization which involves adding a protease enzyme Papain will denature the proteins clinging to the DNA making the molecule flexible and easy to spool. Then the solution was then heated again to 60 degrees for 10 minutes with occasional stirring. Then it was placed in an ice bath, this is because by cooling the solution, it will help prevent denaturation, which might destroy the DNA if it was exposed to prolonged heating. Swirling was done in order not to shock the DNA from the sudden change in temperature. After putting it in an ice bath, the solution was then placed in a blender and was blended for 45 seconds, after. This was done because the procedure also frees the DNA from another protective barrier, the thick cell wall that all plant cells have. The blending should cause many of the cell walls, containing cellulose, to break, and therefore leave the DNA in the cytoplasm, and no protective thick cellulose wall blocking the cytoplasm from its external environment. We did not need to do this to the bacteria because it does not have a cell wall. The blended solution was then filtered through 4 layers of cheesecloth leaving the foam untouched. This is because itShow MoreRelatedThe Forensic Analysis Of Dna972 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Forensic Analysis of DNA Introduction All living beings possess DNA that is unique to them.2 For this reason DNA is often used in criminal investigations to help ascertain a perpetrators identity1. In this lab we intend to mimic the methodology involved in such a process. DNA consists of thymine, guanine, cytosine and adenine in a double helix structure, in a sequence that is unique to each person.2 A lysis solution is to be used to safely isolate onion DNA from tissue, consisting of sodiumRead MoreExtracting Onion Dna1346 Words   |  6 PagesExtraction of DNA from an Onion Molecular biologists and biochemists are involved with research in finding out as much as possible about the DNA in plants. DNA was discovered in the 1950’s, there still remains a lot to be known about it, especially how it is used to determine the physical traits that we all have, and how it regulates the workings of the body. deoxyribonucleic acid is a chemical, we can do reactions with it just like we can work with any other chemical. Experiment: Note: Read MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Haploid And Haploid Cells Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pageschromosomes, essentially chromosomes are compacted chromatins as they both carry genetic information in the appearance of genes. Contrast: Chromosomes are a condensed chromatin fibers that are higher up in the order of DNA. Chromatins are composed of nucleosomes and are lower in the order of DNA. Chromosomes are compact, thick and coiled while chromatin is comprised of thin and long fibers that are uncoiled in their structure unlike chromosomes. Chromosomes are paired together while chromatin are unpairedRead MoreBio 101 Essay24965 Words   |  100 Pages               Lab  5:  Ã‚  The  Chemistry  of  Life   Lab  6:  Ã‚  Diffusion   Lab  7:  Ã‚  Osmosis   Lab  8:  Ã‚  Respiration   Lab  9:  Ã‚  Enzymes        Ã‚  The  Cell:      Lab  10:  Ã‚  Cell  Structure  Ã‚  Function                  Lab  11:  Ã‚  Mitosis   Lab  12:  Ã‚  Meiosis   Lab  13:  Ã‚  DNA  Ã‚  RNA   Lab  14:  Ã‚  Mendelian  Genetics   Lab  15:  Ã‚  Population  Genetics         3   Common  Labware  found  in  ESL  Kits      4      Lab  Safety   Always  follow  the  instructions  in  your  laboratory  manual  and  these  general  rules:   eScience  LabsRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 PagesPhysical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on populationRead MoreJournal Of Essential Oil Bearing Plant : Article Report5034 Words   |  21 PagesEssential Oil Bearing Plants Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop20 Effect of Time Distillation on Chemical Constituents and Anti-Diabetic Activity of the Essential Oil from Dark Green Parts of Egyptian Allium ampeloprasum L. Yasser A. Selimab Mohamed I. Sakerancd a Faculty of Specific Education, Zagazig University, Zagazig,44519, Egypt b Department of Basic Clinical Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, P. QaseemRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesIndustrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation Professor of Engineering. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, all in engineering. From 1969 to 1984 he was a faculty member of the School of Industrial Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology; from 1984 to 1988 he was at the University of Washington, where he held the John M. Fluke Distinguished Chair of Manufacturing Engineering, was Professor of Mechanical

The Case of the Omniscient Organization - 1207 Words

Case Analysis: The Case of the Omniscient Organization Introduction In this case study, Dominion-Swann (DS) has implemented a â€Å"radical restructuring of the work environment† in order to regain control of its employees. By 1990, DS had been suffering from a number of business woes. It was not keeping pace with its competition, employee turnover had increased substantially, health costs and work-related accidents were rising, and employee theft was at an all-time high. Instead of identifying and addressing the underlying business and management problems, DS decided to treat the symptoms by turning to SciexPlan Inc. to help radically restructure the work environment through the use of employee monitoring technology. Background†¦show more content†¦Off-duty conduct may be relevant to employment if the misconduct negatively impacts the employee s work performance or the company s mission. However, the systematic monitoring employed by DS raises serious privacy concerns. Monitoring all employees’ activities, rather than just the activities of employees under suspicion of specific misconduct, constitutes a blanket search that brings enormous privacy concerns. Recommendations DS would be better off with no employee monitoring rather than scrutinizing its employees every move. Once the employee monitoring creates a morale problem, all of the value it has created will be diminished. If DS is to continue with employee monitoring systems, it must create and clearly communicate a monitoring policy for employees. DS needs to start with human-oriented policies, then use technology to enforce them. As it stands right now, DS is exerting too much power in its invasion of employee privacy in the workplace. DS is exploiting the lack of regulation in this area in order to implement extremely invasive methods of employee surveillance. Until employees are protected by regulation to protect their rights to privacy in the workplace, DS should assume responsibility to self regulate by limiting the amount of surveillance, implementing it only when it achieves specific goals for success. Monitoring should beShow MoreRelatedFinding An Agent Should Be The Step Before Polishing Your Manuscript886 Words   |  4 Pagessynopsis explains your plot and entices an agent to read your full manuscript. If you want to avoid your submission being disregarded, there are certain conventions that must be followed; in this report, you will learn about the typical voice, format, organization, and style conventions. The first convention, voice, is intended to ensure the agent requests a full manuscript and subsequently offers to represent your novel. To promote follow-through, your synopsis should be written in the same voice as yourRead MoreDeposit Mobilization in Banks1071 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognizable number of individuals whom I have not mentioned here, but who have visibly or invisibly facilitated in transforming this research into a success saga. Above all, I would like to conscientiously thank the Omnipotent, Omnipresent and Omniscient God for His priceless blessings. Name and Signature of Student Read MoreThe And Non Market Decision Making Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pageskept internal? Williamson is supportive of case-by case marketing being used alongside relationship specific contracts depending on the needs of the consumer. Some clients will expect higher levels of control or higher levels of attention. Public agencies and government are treated as â€Å"omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent (Williamson O. E., 1999a, p. 306).† These characteristics set public agencies and government apart from private organizations—a topic that will be discussed in detail laterRead MoreNarrative Structure In Ernest J. Gainess A Lesson Before Dying909 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative Structure: In his novel, A Lesson Before Dying, Ernest J. Gaines leaves the readers with a clear message. His writing style and organization throughout the novel make the story easy to understand. Gaines utilizes point of view, style and setting in order to construct a genuine story which reflected many nonfiction events. Gaines uses Grant Wiggins to narrate the novel. Through the first person point of view, the reader gets to see everything through Grant’s eyes. The point of viewRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1141 Words   |  5 Pageswho follows many of the same principles as Governor Bellingham. 5. Three main settings and one sentence description of each. a. Scaffold- Placed in the center of the town it sits up high and is used for the punishment of ones crime, which in the case of Hester is public humiliation. b. Hester’s Home- Hester and Pearl live in a small cottage with a thatched roof on the outskirts of town near the waterfront. c. Forest- The forest is symbolized as the Devil’s playground; however, it is filledRead MoreThe Democratic Republic Of Congo1487 Words   |  6 Pagesand even cases of patronage along ethnic lines. Like the chewas and Tumbukas are allies and Zambia and adversaries in Malawi based on the ethnic polarization effect( the size of the ethnic group influencing politics), there has been and still are cases of political instability in Eastern DRC with the Hutus and Tutsis ethnic groups. This ethnic conflict in eastern Congo has been the most deadly one since the second World War, and its social consequence have been disastrous. This case of instabilityRead MoreThe Rattler Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesDiction | Word Choice, Language, Figurative Language,Figures of Speech | Detail | Imagery | Point of View | Narrator, Perspective | Organization | Narrative Structure: chronological order, cause and effect, order of importance, flash-forward, flashback, problem-solution | Syntax | Sentence Structure | Please Note: Diction, detail, point of view, organization and syntax are all devices that the author uses to make the tone of the story evident to the reader. Your commentary should consistentlyRead MoreA Critique Of The Novel Candide 1238 Words   |  5 Pagessince God is perfect, and he created the earth, the earth must be perfect. This ideology is called Philosophical Optimism, which gained popularity because it gave an answer to a question all Christians have to wonder about: if God is omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent, why does evil run rampant on earth, his greatest creation? Leibniz would argue that in the best of all possible worlds, every event is linked by a chain of cause and effect, so while humans may view something as evil or bad, theRead More 1984: The Control Of Reality For Control Of The Masses Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages1: History: Explain Revisionism Its Process How it affects the present Paragraph 2: Psychology: Artificial Scarcity: Affects human behavior Maslow Theory of Human behavior Paragraph 3: God: Big Brother has taken the place of God: Omnipotent and Omniscient, and under the control of the party Among the many themes express in the novel 1984 by George Orwell the most interesting and frightening is the concept of creating an alternative reality to control a mass population. The Inner Party stays inRead MoreThe Value of Digital Privacy in the Information Technology Age1283 Words   |  5 Pageson capturing, analyzing, categorizing and using personal data that had been highly protected in the past for purposes of securing nations (Ottensmeyer, Heroux, 1991). Correspondingly, there has never been a time when every aspect of life in an organization is monitored, from personal computer and telephone use to the use of personal Wi-Fi and networking devices (Riedy, Wen, 2010). The first section of this analysis is to analyze three technologies that allow individuals to research other citizens

The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States Free Essays

The implementation of a universal health program in the U. S. is one of the many plans presented by President Barack Obama during his campaign several months ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now (AP, 2007) Now that Obama is the president, we might be expecting this particular response to problems in health care that have been a burden to many Americans in the past years. However, will a nationalized, universal health program resolve the various issues that have been plaguing health care over the years? Reviewing the possible upshots or consequences of this program would serve as rejoinders to this question. A nationalized, universal health program is a seeming response to the problem of limited healthcare coverage in the country although compared with other nations; the U. S. spends large amounts of money for this particular service. (AP, 2007) In general, a universal health program will provide all citizens of the U. S. ith health insurances regardless of the guidelines previously set as qualifications for individuals who are allowed to access healthcare insurance and services. Other issues addressed by a universal health programs is the high cost of healthcare services and medicine, the involvement of private insurance companies in providing healthcare insurance to all, and the prevention of medical errors. (â€Å"Healthcare,† N. D. ) The positive effects of a universal health program constitute healthcare access to all the citizens of the U. S. , whether they are employed or unemployed, obtaining extreme salary ranges or household incomes, and such. However, the program might not gain support from the private sector, particularly insurance providers and employers, as well as other people who do not wish to experience high taxes. Insurance providers will be out of business and the people will be expecting tax increases to provide for healthcare resources. Medical health professionals and healthcare workers might suffer from the increase in number of people who require health care services, leading to the need of expanding the country’s healthcare workforce, and consequentially, resources to fund the expanded workforce. In addition, the quality of healthcare might not undergo improvements or developments due to limited funding, since majority of healthcare resources are allocated to providing healthcare insurance to all. Overall, although the universal health program is an excellent way for the government to address the needs of its people, there are various issues and challenges that must be resolved to ensure the smooth facilitation and implementation of the program. The government should look for ways to arrive at a consensus with private insurance providers, encourage citizens to establish careers in healthcare, and to assure the citizens that tax raises will be able to resolve the issues of limited access to healthcare in the country affecting the health and welfare of the people. How to cite The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States, Papers

Strategies to Overcome Biasness-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Despite even our best efforts to accurately gather and interpret information, none of us has perfect perception. Instead, a variety of factors limit our ability to gather and process information and make accurate judgements. Discuss the factors that limit and distort our perception and contribute to bias. What can individuals and organisations do to overcome this? Answer: Introduction In the current complicated and diverse organisations, it is very rare that two people have same mind-set and thinking. Every individual and organisation has their own mind-sets or views or perception towards something. Perception is a procedure by which persons mentally establish some sort of sensual info in their environment in order to give it a meaning that can help them to recognize why things might not always like the way they are viewing it. In simple terms, perceptions could be defined as the procedure of observation and interpretation. Another important aspect that helps individuals and organisations is bias. In terms of definition, bias can be referred as the inadequate valuation between two different substitutes that typically puts one option in a favourable place and other in an unfavourable one. Perception and bias at the place of work are effected by many features that can outline and occasionally also disrupt or misrepresent the views. Every individual and organisations has their own set of personal appearances such as character, age, gender, values, attitudes, goals, purposes, outlooks, which interrupts how an individual or an organisation understands the world and the atmosphere around them. This essay will discuss the factors that limit and distort the perception of an individual and organisation and lead to bias. Along with it, the study will also illustrate the strategies that individuals and organisations can utilise to overcome this biasness. Factors that limits and distorts the perception and lead to bias Perception and bias at the place of work are effected by many features that can form and sometimes also disrupt or misrepresent the views (Dolgov, 2009). Every individual and organisations has their personal set of individualities such as behaviour, age, sex, culture, approaches, goals, purposes, prospects, which interrupts how an individual or an organisation reads the world and the atmosphere around them. Same personal characteristics can be seen in others which are used to develop perceptions (Sahar, 2014). But the context on which the perception gets developed is also very important for individuals and organisation. When personal characteristics and context are taken into deliberation, it is easy to understand how quickly opinions regarding a same thing could vary from person to person. At the workshop, the insights of the people which they have regarding each other can importantly disturb the way in which an organisation functions. Individuals senses help them to gain basic information about its surroundings and also basic inputs about the world. These inputs or information are used to put them in order in such a way that are beneficial to individuals and their attempts in dealing with the surroundings (Sloos and McKeown, 2015). Individuals gather these inputs with the help of four different stages namely, stimuli, registering, organising and analysing. The last stage of the stated procedure which is the interpretation and analysis is called as perception (Pronin, 2007). The perception of an individual gets distort by number of individual factors such as needs of the perceiver, past experience, emotional mind set and many more. Here are the major factors that limit and distort the perception of an individual and contribute to bias: A cognitive bias is referred to the methodical pattern of the abnormality from norm or rationality in judgment in which implications about the others and situations may be drawn into an irrational fashion (Hales and Johnson, 2014). According to this paradigm, individuals create their own pattern of particular social reality from their insight of the input (Sloos and McKeown, 2015). In terms of definition, cognitive bias can be referred as the attempts of the individual to simplify the information procedures. It is evident that people sometimes takes shortcuts which lead them towards a wrong path. Here are some of the cognitive biases: Stereotypy can is seen in places where individuals and organisations see some certain attributes or traits in connection or association with a specific group as an outcome of their specialisation on a specific culture (Kristovics et al., 2011). Stereotyping is a situation when an individual or organisation judges someone on the basis of their perception of the group to which the person belongs. Halo effect can be taken as the tendency or predisposition to critic or review the particular qualities and attributes from a general notion about just one quality or attribute. Any individual or organisation that works under the halo effect simple assumes a tailored or adapted rational consistency of certain attributes (Howgego, 2015). Under this, an individual is admired for one of his or her trait through which he or she will be rated well on other traits as well. A halo effect is considered as the outcome in an area due to factors derived from another (Kozzowski, 2016). The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias which is an overall imprint of an individual effect on how they feel and think about their specific characters. As for illustration, the halo effect can be seen on the actions regarding the overall impression of celebrities. People perceive then attractive and successful which also tends them to think celebrities as intelligent, kind and funny. According to the Psychologist Edward Thorndike, characteristics included in the halo effect are the leadership, physical appearance, intelligence, loyalty and dependability. Another example of halo effect can be seen in classroom (Karthick, 2010). If a teacher who sees a well-behave student is good in academic tend to assume that the specific student is also bright and engaged with other teachers and students in good manner. In the context of organisation, halo effect can be seen at the workplace (Jussim, 2012). The stated effect is most likely to show up in a managers assessment regarding an assistants working presentation. The supervisor may develop the total perception about the subordinate on a single feature of the worker such as passion. Projection is a type of cognitive bias that develops when an individual perceives some specific attributes in others that are actually his or her own but are not desirable to him or humiliating to other (Pronin, 2007). According to several studies, people who themselves have some specific negative trait rates others very high on the same traits. It is a kind of projection bias that persons are disposed to scheme their present penchant to future penchant prediction and to overstate the degree in which their future liking will bear a resemblance to their present one (Hales and Johnson, 2014). It has been seen in many studies that this kind of trait or phenomenon in different judgement and decision making situations. Some of the factors that influence the projection bias are the endogenous factors that consist of emotional state and need, and the exogenous factors such as weather condition and choosing situation (Vassilopoulos and Moberly, 2012). In simple terms, projection bias occurs with individuals and organisation when they behave as if their future choices will be more likely to their present choices. According to psychologist Alan Marlatt, projection bias hints people to overrate their own ability to battle the temptations around them while declining the attempts to work out the self-control. According to him, people might feel greater self-assurance regarding their capability to cope with the enticement when they are in cool state. It is the confidence that leads people to let them down on their guard (Hales and Johnson, 2014). Projection bias can also get developed interpersonally. When an individual projects his or her feelings onto another person, he or she may make that individual resemble him or herself and could deliver insight to the person. In the projection bias, individuals project their own current information on themselves in the past. Selective Perception is a type of cognitive bias that tends to focus on the peoples attention on the issues that they relate to their own interests, experiences, attitudes, not only in pointing their perception about the others but also in any situation (Hales and Johnson, 2014). Every organisation and individual has some cognitive biases that get developed due to some specific expectations that they may have. Once a person pampers himself or herself in the selective perception due to some active thinking, he or she can relocate this information to long-term memory. The attribution theory eventually explains how people identify the reasons for the other people behaviours. This theory is about how people interpret events and in their minds and relates them to the way they think or behave. Attribution theory is termed as the psychological theory that attempts to explain the behaviour and is very useful in the management of the organisations. Attribution theory is significant for the associations as it assist managers to comprehend some of the cause of worker behaviour and can assist workers in accepting their own way of thinking regarding their own behaviour (Gelfand, Chiu and Hong, 2011). If a person can understand why he or she is behaving in a certain way and could also recognise why others are behaving in a certain way, then that person could have better understanding of yourself, others and organisation. The perception regarding the causes of particular behaviour could affect the judgement and actions of both the employees and the managers. A ttribution theory could also play an important role in the motivation of the employees. Strategies to overcome biasness in perception In general, individuals simple tends to assume that others are internally responsible for their own behaviour as they are not aware of all the impacting factors (Vassilopoulos and Moberly, 2012). Thus, it is important for organisations and individuals to minimise the biases in the perceptions. Here are several strategies that could be used to reduce the bias in perception: The first strategy is identifying and confronting the stereotypes. Changing the understanding biases is a proof that individual is acknowledging employees with a same eye. Though it is usual to rely on the stereotypes, perceptions are sure to result on the outlay of someone else (Attarha and Moore, 2014). It is important to recognise the stereotypes that individuals or organisations are holding. By doing so, individuals will helped to be more aware of them for minimizing their impact on their behaviour. Another approach that could reduce the biasness in perception is by evaluation of the people on the basis of objective factors. The more impartial the information an individual use top judge others, the less their judgements will be theme to perceptual distortion (Karthick, 2010). Another thing that can be done is avoiding the rash judgements. It is evident that human jumps to conclusion on what people are like, even when they know very little about them. It is important that organisations or individuals take considerable time to know the individual properly. The third approach that could be used to reduce bias is by taking the visible action. As an organisation executes its strategy it is important to seek some tactics that are visible and then promote the actions which needs to be taken. But it is also important to state here that changing perceptions needs more than those with negative perceptions seeking what are different. It is important to state that people and individuals must feel the change (Attarha and Moore, 2014). Measuring the progress is also important. It is important that individuals regularly check the views on the basis of some initial critics. By engaging in some of the critics in the strategy development procedures, an individual can diminish his or her perceptions. Conclusion It has been found in the study that perception and bias at the factory are effected by many factors that can form and occasionally also disrupt or misrepresent the views. Every individual and organisations has their own set of personal appearances such as personality, age, gender, culture, attitudes, goals, motives, prospects, which interrupts how an individual or an organisation understands the world and the atmosphere around them. Same personal characteristics can be seen in others which are used to develop perceptions. For reducing the biasness in perception, it is important to recognise the stereotypes that individuals or organisations are holding. By doing so, individuals will helped to be more aware of them for minimizing their impact on their behaviour. The study revealed that for diminishing distort in perception measuring the progress is also important. It is important that individuals regularly check the views on the basis of some initial critics. By engaging in some of the critics in the strategy development procedures, an individual can diminish his or her perceptions. References Attarha, M. and Moore, C. (2014). Onset rivalry: factors that succeed and fail to bias selection.Attention, Perception, Psychophysics, 77(2), pp.520-535. Dolgov, I. (2009).On perceptual regularities and the axis-aligned motion bias. Gelfand, M., Chiu, C. and Hong, Y. (2011). Advances in culture and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Hales, S. and Johnson, J. (2014). Luck Attributions and Cognitive Bias.Metaphilosophy, 45(4-5), pp.509-528. Howgego, J. (2015). Cognitive bias. New Scientist, 228(3051), pp.31-32. Jussim, L. (2012).Social perception and social reality. New York: Oxford University Press. Karthick, K. (2010).Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: Himalaya Pub. House. Kozzowski, u. (2016). The Halo Effect in Banking? Evidence from Polish Local Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kristovics, A., Kinicki, A., Kinicki, A., McShane, S., Kreitner, R., Lamberton, L., Dwyer, J., Luthans, F. and Colquitt, J. (2011).Organisational behaviour. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Custom Publishing. Pronin, E. (2007). Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), pp.37-43. Sahar, G. (2014). On the Importance of Attribution Theory in Political Psychology.Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(5), pp.229-249. Sloos, M. and McKeown, D. (2015). Bias in Auditory Perception.i-Perception, 6(5), p.204166951560715. Vassilopoulos, S. and Moberly, N. (2012). Cognitive Bias Modification in Pre-adolescent Children: Inducing an Interpretation Bias Affects Self-imagery.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), pp.547-556.

Dwarfism Essays - Growth Disorders, Dwarfism, Achondroplasia

Dwarfism Or Anchondroplasia In medicine, ACHONDROPLASIA is known as being undersized, or less than 50in. in height. Having short limbs, a normal sized trunk, large head with a depressed nasal bridge and small face. This is a result of a disease in the thyroid gland. It can also be caused by Down syndrome or absorption, a cartilaginous tissue during the fetal stage. Hypochondroplasia, a mild form of dwarfism. Spinal tuberculosis and the deficiency of the pituitary gland secretions. Treatment with thyroxin or thyroid extract early in childhood results in normal growth and development. Somatrophin, also known as the human growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary. Respiratory problems start to occur in infants. Symptoms of problems include snoring and sleeping with neck in a hyperextended condition. The limbs have rhizometic shortening. The legs are straight in infantry but when a child. He begins walking they develop a knock-knee position. When the child continues to walk legs begin to have a bowed-leg look. Occasionally, these curvatures are fixed. As the child continues to walk the kyphosis disappears and the back assumes a lordotic posture. If a delay in child's walking occurs, the spine should be monitored closely for signs of gibbous formation. In infancy, hypercephalus can occur. Infants head circumference should be monitored close. Monthly checks of head circumference must be monitored. Radiologic studies are indicated if head circumference raises to disproportionately, or if symptoms of hydrocephalus. Child's pediatrician should have a copy of head circumference curves for children with achondroplasia. Radiologic procedures for dwarfism include head ultrasound, C-T scan, or MRI of the head. If intervention is necessary, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is placed relieving the pressure. Infants should also be monitored for foramen magnum compression. It is the opening at the base of the skull in which the brain stem and cervical spinal cord exit. When you have achondroplasia the foramen magnum is compressing the brain stem and spinal cord. Symptoms of narrowing include apnea the cessation of breathing and cervical myleopathy. C-T scans and MRI scans are done to examine the size of the infectious foramen magnum. A neurosurgical procedure called a foramen magnum decompression is executed to alarge foramen and alleviate further symptoms. Adolescents are at risk of getting lumbosacral spinal stenosis. The lumber spinal cord or nerve roots become compressed producing nerosurgical symptoms. Initial symptoms including weakness, tingling, and pain of the legs. Pain usually alleviated by assuming a squatting position. When condition worsens, pain in lower buttocks occurs. Diagnosis made by neurosurgical procedure called a lumber laminectomy. Dwarfism is an autosomal dominant condition. This means a person with achondroplasia has a 50% chance of passing it to his children. 75% of individuals with achondroplasia are born to normal size parents. The gene for Dwarfism, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is acquired when one undersized individual and a normal sized individual produce a child. Couples at risk of having a child with 2 copies of the changed gene. A DNA test is now also available to detect double homozygosity. Bibliography The Merck Manual of Medical Information. P 295, Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NS 1997 Hunter, AGW, et. al. Standard weight for height curves in achondroplasia. Am J Med Genet, 1996, 62:255-261 Science Publishing Inc., Disease Volume 7, p 73 "Dwarfism","Microsoft (R) Encarta (R) 98 Encyclopedia (c) 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation.

The Animation of Waking Life essays

The Animation of Waking Life essays The Animation of Waking Life Richard Linklater accomplished a vision that he had almost scrapped until the immergence of a new technique in rotoscoped animation. Waking Life is a film infused with the power of animation that takes us through a journey of dreams and makes one question their own reality. The method of animation used was the step to making this powerful piece of cinema a reality and would not have happened without it. Rotoscoping was inventing in 1915 by animation pioneer Max Fleischer. It is a method that takes live action footage and traces over the images to produce very realistic movement. It is because of this tracing method that some feel rotoscoping is a sort of a cheat or easy way out. However, rotoscoping and other forms like it are a way to explore animation and its creativity even further; it allows animators more artistic freedom by saving labor: To not use these labor saving methods and tools would take us back to the days when acetate cells werent invented and you had not only to animate every frame but had to redraw the background every time as well. It was this type of freedom that allowed everyone involved with the piece to create a film that is just as visually stunning as it is narrativly. Director Richard Linklater wanted to bring artist, like painters, who did not necessarily know anything about producing animation and involve them in the process as animators. To accomplish this Linklater enlisted animator Bob Sabiston as art director. Sabiston brought with him his own developed software nicknamed RotoShop. This software was the tool that allowed artists of all animation levels to create their visions. It is a system that allows artists to trace over the video (Quicktime) with Wacom pens and tablets with results that are very close to brush strokes on a canvas. This method is accelerated due to the softwares interpolation system, which automat...

Course & syllabus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Course & syllabus - Essay Example The importance of considering both are stressed and explained, as well as the difficulties involved. A greater emphasis on needs, aims, objectives and learning outcomes began when the Council of Europe’s Modern Languages Project attempted to remedy the over-emphasis on teaching methods in the 1970s (Stern, 1989: 212). This was a positive step but it became apparent later on, that treatment and evaluation related factors also needed to be considered for a more balanced approach. However, the focus of attention in this paper is on the needs, aims, objectives and learning outcomes. Needs analysis A needs analysis is a â€Å"systematic collection and analysis of all subjective and objective information necessary to define and validate defensible curriculum purposes †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brown, 1995: 36). Often, a needs assessment is not undertaken for devising language courses. It is generally thought that it is not possible to be specific in identifying needs. However, it has been sho wn to be not only possible, but also useful in English language classrooms to support problem solving and â€Å"as a basis for aims, courses, and materials; and to provide a concrete illustration of how analysis of data can be performed, and how a tight and direct link can be maintained between needs, aims, and materials, and what actually occurs in the classroom† (Seedhouse, 1993). ... According to Brown (1995, ch. 2), they generally involve two things, firstly making basic decisions such as identifying the types of people involved, the information needed and points of view, and secondly gathering information such as types of questions, instruments, choosing procedures and other factors. For providing such information, Richards (2001: 63-64) recommends a number of strategies such as conducting a literature survey and conducting interviews. This would help to find out information such as the situations in which English is used most frequently, in which difficulties are encountered, perceived difficulties, frequencies of errors, suggestions, opinions, and so on. The Council of Europe model suggests the approach should be systematic and centred on the learner (Richterich & Chancerel, 1977). The Munby (1978) model also advocates the same but also suggests considering features pertaining to the target situation in which the language will be used. The information gleaned from this analysis is then fed as input for processing both language skills and meaning, i.e. for identifying the micro-skills and functions that would be required. Muby also mentions a number of other variables that should be considered, but these are recommended for after, not before, the syllabus is specified. However, all the pertinent information should ideally be gathered beforehand as part of the needs analysis not when the syllabus is finalised. Hutchinson & Waters (1987) formed a number of specific questions in their framework for target situation analysis, and based on these, further questions for analysing learning needs. These are listed in the table below. These questions are useful to ensure that all the important aspects

The Power of Music Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Music - Term Paper Example Beyond any doubt, music has a power that goes far beyond the spoken word and enables a person to grasp a feeling that can only be experienced through music. In my own life, there are times where music will make me experience a feeling just by the sound or rhythm of the notes that is unlike anything else. For instance, classical music has always had that effect. Most classical music does not have words or lyrics with it; however, the notes and composition of music impacts the soul in such a way that it can change your mood or force a person’s memory to recall a specific period of time, event or feeling. Whenever I listed to classical music, it calms me down and makes me think more clearly. I always use classical music as a tool for me whenever I am experiencing a lot of stress. However, it does not always have to be classical music. There are times when I exercise that I use rock music to get me excited to work out and push myself harder. I get mad and energized all at the same time. Music has always had the power to alter my mood at any time.

John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King jr Essay

John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King jr - Essay Example As a result of their public awareness campaigns, the populous began questioning traditional values leading to emergence of new movements. The changes in the USA were part of a larger global trend that influenced humanity as a whole. During this period, there was the Cold War and Vietnam War, construction of the Berlin Wall in addition to the gaining of independence by former colonies was constructed. Therefore, John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. were a part of global revolutionists who were able to go with the changing nature of the world. John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, known as Jack by members of family and close friends was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts to Joseph and Rose Kennedy a family of Irish Catholics (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†). Being from a wealthy family background, he grew up in a favorable environment where he was assured of the best educational facilities in addition to having a conducive economic and social environment given that he an d his siblings enjoyed the luxuries of attending elite private schools, sailboats, summers homes as well as having servants to tend to their needs ("John Fitzgerald"). Although he suffered various illnesses and health complications in the course of his childhood, these setbacks did not curtail John F. Kennedy’s educational ambitions as he was able to join Harvard University in 1936 (Kenney 12). During his Harvard University days, Kennedy’s father was the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, from where Kennedy gathered resources for his final thesis. Kennedy returned to the USA to finish his senior Harvard University where he worked on his thesis that afterwards amended and published with the title Why England Slept in which examines how the British government reacted to Hitler’s rise to power before, during and after the world war two. After Harvard University education, Kennedy enlisted into the American Navy in 1941 which catapulted him to national prominence whe n his motor torpedo boat PT 109 was sunk by a Japanese destroyer. Kennedy’s heroic act when he saved one remember of his crew although he had also sustained injuries in his back made him achieve greater accolades from the US public. Describing Kennedy’s actions Dallek sees Kennedy as the best unifying instance of American egalitarianism (98). Many in the US saw Kennedy as embodying how the country’s social relations between the rich and poor should function being child from a wealthy family who made a choice to voluntarily risk his life in the name of nation. Although, his family was grooming his elder brother, for political office, Kennedy was convinced by his family and friends to take a political career after his brother Joe died in the Second World War (Dallek 117). After the war, Kennedy’s main career objective was to join journalism profession where his first assignment was at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco as well as covering Potsda m Conference. A key element that made Kennedy’s political career in congressional, senatorial and presidential positions a success was his family’s wealth, influential national status and prestige in addition to the tales of his heroic acts during the world war two. Barnes notes financial support was central to Kennedy’s success in all these campaigns with his father being in charge of all financial

Achilles Tendon Sprain Case Study

Achilles Tendon Sprain Case Study Name: Lani Thompson Age: 26 Sex: Female Occupation: Merchandiser Height: 179 Weight:77.8, BMI: Diet: Mixed Family: She lives with her partner, no kids. Medical History: No history of Hypertension, Cardiovascular, Diabetics mellitus, pulmonary or any chronic disease. Footwear: A comfortable, properly fitted footwear should be used. Avoid High heels. Daily activities: Usually she goes to Gym thrice in a week, occasionally she goes for swimming. Balance: Muscle performance: No muscle wasting. Posture: Circumferential measurement: Alignment: There is no difference in alignment while she walks. History: Lani Thompson is a hockey and rugby player. About 4 months back, while she was training rugby she had a right ankle sprain. The Incident was happening around 7 in the night. Soon after she was shifted to the hospital and consulted with the doctor. On the same day she had undergone several investigations and examinations, including X-Ray and ultrasound. No evidence of any fracture on the x-ray and was diagnosed as an Achilles tendon sprain. Initial 2 weeks she was in a brace, subsequently she started ankle exercises. Later she exercised with Theraband and had started physiotherapy treatment for 2 weeks, eventually continued her exercises at home. Past Medical History: She has never been hospitalized for any chronic diseases. No history of Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Heart diseases, Asthma, Hepatitis, Sexually transmitted diseases or Tuberculosis. She regularly takes medications for depression/anxiety and for contraception. Medication: Venlafaxine, Quitiepine and a contraceptive pill. Surgical Intervention: No surgical interference. Gait pattern: Altered, limping of right leg. Range of Motion (ROM): Normal on left side, right ankle ROM is slightly altered, No muscle stiffness. Palpation: No tenderness or any abnormalities. Anatomy of the Ankle joint: The ankle joint mainly consists of two joints, the subtalar and the true ankle joint. The subtalar joint comprises three bones, the tibia, the fibula and the talus. The mechanism of the ankle joint is very complex. True ankle is responsible for the up and down movements of the foot. The subtalar joint is positioned under the true ankle joint and consists with two bones, the calcaneus and the talus. This joint is responsible for the side to side movement of the foot. The joint is covered with a cartilage known as articular cartilage. The articular joint is lubricated with synovial fluid. Many ligaments connect the ankle bones together, they are anterior fibular ligament, which attaches the fibula to the tibial bone. The second ligament is known as the lateral collateral ligament, which connects calcaneus bone with the fibula and the tibial bone and the third one is deltoid ligament, it connects calcaneus and the talus bones together to the tibia. Many tendons attach the muscles of the lower limb and the bones of the ankle, they are the Achilles, the flexor hallicus longus, the flexor digitorium, the peroneal tendons, the posterior tibialis and the anterior tibialis tendons. Among these tendons the Achilles tendon is considered to be the strongest tendons in the human body. It is located at the posterior of the leg and connects the calcaneus bone to the gastrocnemius ,solens and plantarius muscles. The Achilles tendon is about six inches long and can withstand around four time of body mass during walking and almost eight times while running. Achilles Tendonitis: It is the inflammation of the calcaneus tendon.Over use of the tendon causes pain and stiffness, for instance running up hill or climbing up stairs. Achilles Rupture: asdf†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Exercises: Group 1 Exercise: Evertion/ Invertion isometric exercises. Evertion: This exercise can be performed by placing the injured foot adjacent to a door or the leg of a table and gradually push extremely to the lateral side of the foot. Inversion: This exercise can be done by placing the medial aspect of the foot to any fixed objects such as a table leg or a door, then to push gently outward –in for two to three seconds. Evertion/Invertion with an exercise band: Evertion: The client has to sit and fix the leg straight, with the help of an elastic band One end of the elastic band is attached to a table leg and other to the foot and then gradually turns the foot outwards. Invertion: Rotate the foot inwards by reversing the position of the band .The movement of the foot should be apart from the leg of the table. The client can proceed to the group two exercises, if he tolerates to do group one exercise. Group 2 exercises: Gastrocnemius stretch: The patient has to bend forward and push the wall with his hands. The injured leg should be placed just behind the other foot, keeping the foot firmly to the floor for about 30 seconds. Soleus Stretch: Place the non injured foot behind the injured foot and bend the other knee joint. The heel should be raised while stretching. Weight bearing exercises: The client should stand on the floor with the affected leg and bend the other leg, so that the whole body weight should bear on the injured leg for 30 seconds and then lift the heel up and down. Injured leg stand with a cloth: The client is asked to stand on a 2inches thick cloth with the injured leg for 30 seconds. The client can proceed to the group three exercises, if he tolerates to do group two exercises. Group 3 exercises: Lateral step and bound exercise. This exercise is performed by placing a folded towel on the floor and to stand beside the towel and client steps on the folded towel. Other foot should be placed firmly on the floor. Repeat the same exercise with other leg. As the pain allows, increase the repetitions and speed accordingly. Hop exercise: It is performed by placing a folded towel on a floor and the client is asked to stand beside the towel and bound over the folded towel and to rest on the other foot. Then reverse the entire exercise with the other leg.As the pain allows, slowly raise the speed and hops. Rehabilitation: Range of movement: Stretching of the calf muscle: When the patient will be able to sand comfortably with an injured leg, he is asked to move back the injured foot and move the hip gradually forward, so that the calf muscle is stretched. Hold for 20 seconds and repeat for at least 2 times per day. Alphabet writing: The patient has to write alphabets with his greater toe at least 2 times per day. Balance training exercises: By holding a fixed object firmly with one hand and stand on a single leg, keeping the other knee folded. Repeat the same with the other foot as well. As the patients balance improves, he is encouraged to repeat the same exercise with eyes shut. GOALS: Short term: Phase 1 and 2 Improve joint range of motion and flexibility Increase ankle strength Gain normal gait pattern Progressive Proprioception and motor coordination Long term: Phase 3 and 4 Improve cardiovascular endurance Return to complete sports activity Rehabilitation program involves: Stretching of the calf muscle and around the ankle muscle Strengthening exercise Deep massage techniques Cardiovascular endurance exercise Agility training Phase 1: T o gain range of motion Stretching- Calf plantar fascia stretch: Sit on the floor with leg extended and knees straight Loop a towel around the affected leg and grip the end of towel on each hand. Affected leg should be in straight and pull the towel near the body Hold the position as same for 30 seconds and relax Repetition: 3 to 5 Calf muscle stretching: Open kinetic chain exercise: Toe curls Marble pickups Four-plane surgical tubing exercises Sub maximal Isokinetics in short arc Strengthening exercise: Plantar flexion exercises with Theraband Inversion and eversion exercise isometric exercise Flexibility: Grade 1 and 2 mobilization Alphabet ROM Proprioceptive: Stork standing Single plane tilt board Biomechanical ankle platform system in non-partial Weight bearing position. Cardiac endurance exercise: Pool therapy Stationary cycling. PHASE 2: Stretching: Achilles stretches in sitting and standing positions Open kinetic chain exercise: full –arc ISO kinetics Close kinetic chain exercise: Shuttle squats Heel raises Toe raises Tubing lunge steps Proprioception: Wobble board work Walking on uneven surface Biomechanical ankle platform system with partial Cardiac endurance training: Treadmill Stairmaster PHASE 3: Program in this phase should be considered according to the Strength and progression of the client. The program involves dynamic and functional tolerance of the patient. Start up with increase weight bearing force on the ankle joint Stretching of Achilles tendon in a supinated position Eccentric heel drop with knee straight Eccentric heel drop with knee bent Lunges and squats Step ups Side step ups with weight bearing To focus on lateral stability –up and down sideways movement Back pedalling exercise Caricos Plyomettric drills Proprioception: Ladder drill Netball throwing and catching with Standing on the affected leg moving to catch the ball and return to land on the same leg. Four square hopping drills Agility training: Shuttle running with changing the direction Zigzagging or figure of 8 runs Phase 4: functional rehabilitation activities such as tip toe walking. Polymeric progressions –hopping, bounding, depth jumps and box drills Sport-specific training Unstable surface training Stationary cross country skier Ensure normal plantar to dorsiflexion strength ratios and muscle balance Careful increase in training regimens

Essay --

Rockets were first introduced in 1232 AD. Therefore, they have a very long and extensive history. At first, rockets were just used as weapons, but as early as 1806 they began being used for space travel. The first rockets that were made, were made in China. This was during the time that black powder was discovered. Several years later the largest rocket in the world was built which took 18 months to finish. Many of us don’t think of all the work that has been put into creating rockets. From the tiny weapons that were used to fight off enemies, to the 300 foot tall contraption that sends people to space, rockets have forever changed history and the way that space travel has developed. A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rockets are powered by engines, and engines work by action and reaction. Pushing the rocket forward and then throwing the exhaust backwards causes the rocket to go into the air extremely fast. While comparatively inefficient for low speed use, rockets are relatively lightweight and powerful, capable of generating large accelerations and of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency. Rockets are not reliant on the atmosphere and work very well in space. Unlike ordinary engines, rockets carry their own supply of oxygen to burn its fuel. As rockets have gotten bigger and bigger so have the engines. The largest rocket in the world which took 18 months to build was NASA’s Saturn V model. Werner von Braun designed this rocket. He developed a rocket that got the first grou p of men to the moon in July of 1969. The technology of rockets was first k... ... influenced by the Mongol invasions of the previous few centuries. Chemical rockets are the most common type of rocket and they typically create their exhaust by the combustion of rocket propellant. Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction and use minimize risks. In space, there are better ways of propulsion. Many of them get much more mileage, but they are slower and require an electric power source. Once we start to industrialize space, we will surely assemble large "space trucks" in low Earth orbit to haul payloads around space much more efficiently, using something else besides chemical rocketry. However, for people, who need to be transported quickly, we can assume we will be using chemical rocketry in the first stage of large scale space development.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Day

Hiroshima Peace Day falls on August 6 and Nagasaki Peace Day on August 9. The two days to remind the world of the destruction that a war can wreck. According to estimates the bombs killed a large number of people – with the majority of the causalities having died from flash or flame burns. What happened? In 1945, the United States of America dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. On August 6, the nuclear weapon â€Å"Little Boy† was dropped on Hiroshima because it was a city of considerable military importance and contained Japan's Second Army Headquarters. It also was the communications centre and storage depot. On August 9, at 11:02 a. m. , at an altitude of 1,650 feet, Fat Man (right) exploded over Nagasaki. The yield of the explosion was later estimated at 21 kilotons, 40 percent greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000 – 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 – 80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. Germany had signed its Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament.

The Validity of Knowledge

Lia Thompson Mr. Faria HZT 4U1 Wednesday January 18, 2012 The Validity of Knowledge This paper will explain the validity of John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge. Epistemology has been the topic of discussion for many philosophers over the centuries. The study of knowledge is important because as humans, it is necessary to understand where the basis for our knowledge originates. Locke, like many philosophers believed that all knowledge about the world is derived from sensory perceptions.Empiricists such as Locke believe this â€Å"posteriori† view of knowledge. He explains in his theory that we are born with â€Å"blank slates† or Tabula Rasa, the term used in Locke’s theory in his writing, â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding† (Locke 163). Philosophical arguments are as varied as the philosophers who construct them. For each theory, there is an opposing view. Rationalists, such as Rene Descartes would argue against Locke and his empiricist view of knowledge, believing knowledge to be innate.Descartes believed that all humans are innately born with these truths without the aid of our senses as argued in his first, second and third Meditations (Descartes 3). Locke’s theory goes against not only Descartes views but Plato’s as well. But Despite the arguments against Locke’s empiricist view, he is most reasonable. I agree with John Locke’s theory of sensory perception because we would not be able to survive without our senses. John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in a village in Somerset, England (John Locke-Biography).He wrote several major works that have made a big impact on today’s view of the world, but his major theory on knowledge was in his book, â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding†, where he outlined his views as well as argued against rationalist’s view on innate knowledge. He wrote his book based on his belief that true knowledge is gained through experien ce, â€Å"a posteriori† (Velasquez 330). â€Å"Locke holds that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank sheet until experience in the form of sensation and reflection provide the basic materials — simple ideas — out of which most of our more complex knowledge is constructed† (Uzgalis).Reflection and sensory experiences go hand in hand because in order for our senses to be used, we must experience the world around us. Once we have experienced, for example the sweet taste of an apple, from eating it, we are able to reflect on what our senses were able to establish about it and gain truths about what we experienced. â€Å"Reason is our intellect, our power to think and make judgments based on our sensory experience† (Locke 59). Locke does agree that we as humans have reason but our senses are paired up with reason, as we are to reason what our senses are experiencing.Locke created the theory of â€Å"Primary and Secondary Qualities† to explain his i deas about the differences between our perception of the world and what the world really is. Based on scientific research, humans are aware that not everything we perceive is the same as how other living creatures perceive it. Animals in comparison to humans may experience the same things as humans do, but the way they are perceived can be totally different. For example, it is scientifically proven that dogs cannot see in colour, so to them everything is in black and white.Dogs still use their sight, but are unable to see the same colour humans can. Primary Qualities are measurable qualities by size, weight, shape etc. and will stay the same regardless of our perception. Secondary Qualities are the hidden powers an object has that can produce in us a sensory experience such as the colour we see in the sky. (Velasquez 333) We can understand his theory on Primary and Secondary Qualities because scientists are able through research to study other living things and their perceptions of senses.Locke’s theories are a clear explanation to the many things we experience as human beings. Descartes was born on March 31st, 1596 in Touraine. After finishing school in 1612, it left him feeling unsettled and dissatisfied. He felt the need to travel, so he could discover new surroundings and he joined the army at the age of seventeen. He was in search of discovering more truth than he had found at school. Descartes lived in a time of great uncertainty as to what truth was, and what it wasn’t.There were new scientific discoveries being made which were unheard of at that time, as well as the new protestant branch of Christianity that went against the old traditional religious beliefs. With everything around Descartes changing, he began to doubt all his prior knowledge (Velasquez 320). Descartes began to search for true knowledge, which was the beginning of Descartes’ first meditation on Doubt. He questioned the idea that we may all be unaware of our state o f mind; are we dreaming, or are we awake?Descartes concluded that there are no ways to tell whether or not we are awake or dreaming. So where did this idea come from? He went on to say that there must be something of a higher power deceiving him, an â€Å"evil genius† of deceiving nature creating this illusion for all to get caught up in. Descartes reasoned that, if this were the case, we couldn’t trust our senses at all because our senses are illusions. With this mindset, Descartes believed that the only basic truths are those that cannot be doubted. The undeniable truth he discovered was â€Å"I think, therefore I am† which he reasoned that even if he was being deceived about everything else, he could not be deceived that he was thinking he was deceived, therefore he exists† (Velasquez 321). In order for Descartes to rule out sensory perceptions, he would need to rely on another basis for our knowledge. Based on his inner reflection, he believed that kno wledge is not learned, ideas are present in the mind at birth. â€Å"We have a priori knowledge – we are born with knowledge and truths without the aid of sense perceptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Velasquez 324).Descartes would argue against Locke’s sensory perceptions theory because to Descartes, our senses are invalid. In Descartes† second meditation, he uses an example of a piece of wax to prove our senses wrong. â€Å"Let us take, for example this piece of wax: it has been taken quite freshly from the hive, and it has not yet lost its sweetness of the honey which it contains; it still retains somewhat of the odor of the flowers from which it has been culled; its colour, its figure, its size are apparent; it is hard, cold, easily handled, and if you strike it with a finger, it will emit a sound† (Descartes 190-191).Here Descartes explains, in every respect all physical aspects of the wax that is experienced with our senses. â€Å"But notice that while I speak a nd approach the fire what remained of the taste is exhaled, the smell evaporated, the colour alters, the figure is destroyed, the size increases, it becomes liquid, it heats, scarcely one can handle it, and when one strikes it, no sound is emitted†¦What then did I know so distinctly of this piece of wax? It could certainly be nothing of all that the senses brought to my notice, since all hese things which fall under taste, smell, sight, touch, and hearing, are found to be changed, and yet the same wax remains†¦ it is mind alone which perceives†¦this piece of wax† (Descartes 190-191). Descartes explains that because the wax can transform, leaving us with different sense perceptions than before, it cannot be trusted as knowledge. Descartes was unable to grasp Locke’s concepts of sensory experiences and therefore rejects everything but the knowledge we are innately born with.Although Descartes gives an adequate theory, his views do not stand up to Locke and other philosopher’s criticisms. To Locke, Descartes’ whole argument on innate knowledge and the ideas behind his meditations are weak, not only invalid because of their opposing views on how humans attain knowledge, but invalid in regards to his reasoning behind his theories. There are many things to point out about Descartes, based on Locke’s ideas. Locke understood the ideas of innate knowledge, but disagreed because he believes we are too much a part of this world to doubt its existence.If innate knowledge were the only true way to have knowledge, people would not be having arguments of what is right and what is wrong. â€Å"[Descartes ideas of doubt are invalid] because there are none to which all mankind give a universal assent† (Uzgalis). Descartes’ explanation of existence of things states that because Descartes can think, and because thinking things exist, Descartes therefore exists. But this argument is invalid because this is the same as saying, â€Å"I am walking, hence I am the walking. The author, William Benton in the book, â€Å"Descartes/Spinoza† objected to Descartes’ second meditation on doubt by saying, â€Å"this is an assumption on Descartes part to say that which one understands is the same exercise of understanding†¦for the entity of understanding itself, is one thing and the essence is another† (Benton 135). This relates back to Descartes invalid argument because Descartes defense can be restated as a claim that he is thought.One may think, but can never be the â€Å"entity† or the actual action of thinking. All of Descartes meditations on knowledge surround the main idea of innate knowledge and thought, â€Å"but whence comes our knowledge of this proposition, I think? †¦ we cannot think of leaping, apart from that which leaps, of knowing apart from a knower, of thinking without a thinker† (Benton 135). Descartes has no explanations of how we are able to c ome to thoughts on actions.Actions can relate to the idea of innate knowledge because they both are thought, but are unseen to the senses, at least until the thought or action is indeed physically done. â€Å"But for example, willing fearing and denying always go hand in hand with something physical as the subject of those thoughts, you cannot have the knowledge of what scares you without experiencing it in some way† (Hutchins 138). Locke also expresses his opinion not on emotions that derive from experiences but with the nature of this world. For I imagine any one will easily grant that it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colours innate in a creature to whom God hath given sight, and a power to receive them by the eyes from external objects: and no less unreasonable would it be to attribute several truths to the impressions of nature, and innate characters† (Uzgalis). If we know what the term â€Å"colour† means, that is some sort of knowledge, and s o we are unable to identify colour unless we use our senses. We cannot believe we know the term colour, without actually experiencing it.Just as the author in the book â€Å"Descartes/Spinoza† explains that one is unable to know what an actual angel looks like, but from our experiences through visual senses, we are able to construct ideas of what one might look like based on our visual surroundings. (Hutchins 136) Now this goes against Descartes ideas of thought and innate knowledge because, â€Å"Notice that in order for Descartes to doubt his beliefs, he needs a language in which to express his doubt. But then, if Descartes were to doubt his beliefs about what words mean, then he could not formulate any doubts at all.He would be totally incapable to express his doubts. Thus the attempt to doubt anything would be necessarily self defeating† (Albert). Descartes’ arguments on doubt are self-defeating because Descartes does not believe anything exists but his mind , ruling out all language and terms used and formulated in this world. The example of wax used by Descartes to validate his view that sensory knowledge is the only knowledge, can be looked at differently to validate sensory experiences.From an empiricist’s point of view, one would indeed gain knowledge by putting the wax near the fire because in doing so, one would understand what happens to wax when it is being scorched. By using the senses to experience the wax in a different form, one is able to reflect and learn from the experiment. Descartes theories have many flaws, therefore making his arguments invalid. Although there are many other rationalists that oppose the views of empiricism, Plato was another great philosopher who developed the very foundations of innate knowledge based on Socrates dialogue with the slave boy.Socrates, being one of the significant founders of western philosophy, along with his student Plato was famous for imposing difficult thought-provoking in quiries to the fellow Athenian citizens. Although Socrates did not record any of his philosophical discussions or inquiries, his student Plato explains to us the works of Socrates. Plato, like Descartes believed that there was only one way to have knowledge. He believed knowledge was not acquired through the use of our senses, but merely obtained before we were born.Plato went farther than Descartes by believing that our souls must have lived in another universe before being born in this one. This other universe would have been perfect where we would have been able to experience perfect objects and were able to experience all that was perfect in the prior universe. The reason we would have innate knowledge would be because when we were born into this imperfect world, according to Plato, all the perfect concepts of the previous world would still be within our souls. â€Å"Most rationalist philosophers have rejected Plato’s claim that before we were born we existed in another perfect universe.But many rationalists have accepted Plato’s more basic insight: we do not acquire the basic truths of math and science by observing the world around us†(Velasquez 326). Although his beliefs about how we attained innate knowledge were not much accepted, he uses a dialogue between Socrates and Meno, the slave boy’s master to explain his beliefs on innate knowledge. â€Å"In Meno, Plato tells us how Socrates once made a slave boy â€Å"remember† his knowledge of geometry by showing him some imperfect figures drawn on the ground.Socrates shows the slave boy a square that is supposed to be two feet by two feet in size. Socrates asks the boy to draw a second square that is exactly twice the size of the first square†¦the boy initially realizes that his first answer is wrong. If you double the length of each side of the square, you will get a new square that is exactly four times as big as the first square. Yet the boy knows this without mak ing exact measurements†¦ and even if the boy had measured the squares, they would probably not have turned out to be exactly the right sizes. So where did this boy’s knowledge come from? (Velasquez 324) In this summary of the dialogue, Plato argues that the boy’s knowledge of the Pythagorean theorem could not have come from observing the imperfect figures drawn on the ground. This proves that it must be knowledge that is already in our minds then, because Plato explains that the knowledge of mathematical theorems are not obtained through sensory experiences. It is impossible to rely on our senses to give us knowledge of math because there is no physical experience to go hand in hand them. This belief is the total opposite of Locke’s views because Plato denies any thing that relies on the senses.In Plato’s dialogue involving the slave boy, there is some questionable material that can relate back to Locke’s beliefs of relying on our senses. Even though the slave boy was able to answer Socrates’ geometrical question, the dialogue stated that the boy hesitated and also made a mistake before arriving at the correct answer. â€Å"At first the boy says that if you double the length of each side of the first square, you will get a second square that is exactly twice the size of the first square†¦the boy quickly realizes that his first answer is wrong. (Velasquez 324) His knowledge was based on observation not innate knowledge. The boy was able to use his visual perception to determine the measurements of the squares. As Locke would say, â€Å"Reason is our intellect, our power to think and make judgments based on our sensory experience† (Locke 59). It merely takes reason and reflection to first observe the dimensions of square and then come to a realization about how to double the square. Although he was answering a question, Socrates used an example of an imperfect square and then asked him to solve the ques tion.The answer was discovered through trial and error. It was clearly not based on innate knowledge but visual senses. I agree with Locke’s theory because it is the most reasonable approach to the idea of gaining knowledge. With out sensory perception feeding us, we have nothing to base our knowledge on. We have been born with blank slate, but are still equipped with reason as human beings. One can relate scientific discoveries to sensory perceptions because all scientific knowledge comes from observations.One cannot call something a scientific discovery if it does not have evidence to back up their hypotheses. The evidence used does not come from innate knowledge, but from observation, touching, hearing, smelling, tasting. If, according to Plato and Descartes, basic science and math were innately known, then science would not improve. If science were innate, scientists would not have a job, and everyone wouldn’t be arguing about their beliefs. Science is constantly d iscovering something new, constantly realizing that something once thought as true, turned out to be false.For example, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity is based on mathematical structures and therefore is valid in the eyes of a rationalist. But if this knowledge were innate it would automatically have to be true. Scientists just recently have discovered subatomic particles that defy the theory of relativity, as these particles move faster than the speed of light. If this is the case, it is impossible to say that innate knowledge is the only truth. The whole world would have to be in agreement and collectively accept things as they are, and the world is nothing like that.We can all agree to this because we have all gained knowledge through the use of our senses. Knowledge itself is something that we as humans are still discovering, questioning and experiencing in our own way. John Locke helps us to see that knowledge is something gained individually, in our own ways, in our ow n time. We all have something in common and that is our ability to use our senses in such ways that we have been able to create magnificent pieces of art, unravel the mysteries of the universe, invent new and convenient strategies for the human race and so on.All this made possible by the pursuit of knowledge. Works cited Books Hutchins, Robert Maynard// Rene Descartes// Baruch Spinoza. Great Books of the Western World: Descartes Spinoza. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952. Print. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Kenneth Winkler. Hackett Publishing Company, 1996. Velasquez, Manuel. â€Å"Chapter 5: The Source of Knowledge. † Philosophy. 10th ed. Belmont: Thomas Wadsworth, 2008. 320-33. Print. Websites Albert. â€Å"Criticisms to Descartes’ Cogito  « Albert’s PHI101/103 Weblog. Albert’s PHI101/103 Weblog. 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"John Locke – Philosopher – Biography. † The European Graduat e School – Media and Communication – Graduate & Postgraduate Studies Program. 2010. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. . Uzgalis, William, â€Å"John Locke†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta  (ed. ), URL = .

Person Health Assesment Essay Example

Person Health Assesment Essay Example Person Health Assesment Paper Person Health Assesment Paper Personal health is a term that is used to refer to one’s state of complete physical, mental and social well being. In addition it includes absence of diseases in one’s body. Every person requires being healthy in order to carry out his or her daily routine effectively and on time. It is for this reason that each person carries out his or her personal health assement. For the last one year I have not had any serious health problems, though from time to time I have had minor body ailments. My mental health has been good, I have not experienced  Ã‚   depression, stress or other mental-related diseases .I have been able to use my cognitive and emotional capabilities, function well and meet my everyday life demands .I also feel capable and complete, can handle stress, live an independent life as I maintain satisfying relationships. My body measurements are above average. This includes my height and weight. Normal weight has been through improved nutrition and health care. Proper nutrition protects the body from weight-related diseases or disorders. I have not had any allergic diseases . A wide variety of food types can be eaten without developing allergic complications. This has been an advantage in balancing my diet. No chemicals or environmental sensitivies have been observed. Therefore I have been able to stay in varying environments especially those that assist me in keeping me healthy .For example, I have gone camping and hiking in areas that other people are allergic to (their components). My blood sugar level has been normal as required by the body .I go for examination very often .In addition, my blood pressure is fine as confirmed by the doctor’s examination. This is due to proper nutrition where components that cause these diseases are only consumed in required levels .I have had digestive problems and diarrhoea at least once per month. This is usually experienced when I take food types that I have not taken for a long time. I rarely get headaches or migraines, unless when I’m exposed to extreme weather conditions or very loud music. No skin disorders or sleep problems have bee experienced. Problems that I may experience include backaches due to my working under strenuous conditions sometimes .I’m also prone to not taking enough water every day as required. This may result to constipation. . Digestive problems and diarrhoea may arise due to my tendency to eat foods that I have not eaten for a long time when I come across them. If I expose myself to extreme weather conditions or very loud music, I’m likely to get headaches or migraines. High cholesterol levels in my body are a possible in future, since sometimes I take high-cholesterol foods much often. Strategies that can optimize wellness in later life for me and for others are very critical in Proper nutrition assists in regulation of food components that one puts into the body. One avoids taking disease-causing components if taken in large amounts, while eating foods that boost the immune system. Also helps prevent deficiency in the body. Physical exercises maintain the physical fitness of the body .It prevents diseases like cancer, heart disease, obesity and a back pain .It promotes healthy weight, healthy bones and strengthens immune system. Keeping warm during the cold weather keeps one from catching a common cold or a running nose. Positive thinking, building confidence in one’s self and meditation helps reduce stress which may cause mental disorders. Ensuring proper hygiene of the body and the surroundings prevents infections and illnesses. Proper medication should always be sought in case of an illness to prevent serious complications. Consultation should be with a competent physician .All these ensure good personal health. References Yahoo! Health: Diet and Fitness, Mind and Mood, Longevity, Conditions. www.Health.yahoo.com Accessed on April 16 2008. www.health.com.Health articles and Medical Information from Health.com Accessed on April 16 2008.

Crown Cork & Seal in 1989 Business strategy Case Study

Crown Cork & Seal in 1989 Business strategy - Case Study Example The economic analysis deals with the opportunity costs of resources being used along with attempting to measure the social and private costs as well as benefits in monetary terms of a project to the economy. The Crown Cork and Seal attempted to locate its business towards the areas that were closer to the customers. For the purpose of forecasting of the transportation costs of the company, the distance of about 150 to 300 miles was considered to be economical between the location of customers and the placement of plant. In addition to this, the company managed to decrease its transportation cost that was roughly estimated to be 7.5%. In addition to this, the company changed its ingredient of making cans from the use of steel to aluminium. This resulted in decreasing the weight of the cans along with reduction in the shipment cost of these cans relative to the cans produced before by the company. Furthermore, due to the shipment of steel cans in the international markets, the company suffered uneconomical circumstances due to the increase in shipment costs. For this reason, the company attempted to make joint ventures in terms of affiliation with US can manufacturers, foreign subsidiaries as well as local foreign firms in order to cater the foreign markets (Bradley S., 2005). Political: Political environment can be referred to as an immediate impact of the political parties possessing authority, representing the popular perceptions given by the citizens of the area (Export Help). It has been seen that the developments of legislations were unfavorable for metal can industry in USA (Bradley S., 2005). Social Cultural Environment: In this case, the chief executive officer attempted to bring together two companies possessing distinctive cultural and social backgrounds irrespective of the fact that the past mergers were undoubtedly unsuccessful. This impossible challenge was accepted by Avery in order to capture the markets of Canada and to expand its operations furt her. Moreover, there were numerous

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Research proposal - Essay Example The internal environment, is made up the organisations strengths and weakness while the external environment is made up of the organisations opportunities and threats (Dooris, Kelley, & Trainer, 2004). Understanding of these factors is necessary while developing a strategic plan that can contend with the challenges of an organisation proactively. Some of the sources to use while analysing the internal environment is the assessment of the factors affecting the organisation internally. They include physical resources, human resources, processes and activities and the past experiences. Understanding the assets and problems of the organisation, will be useful in developing a strategic plan for an organisation that will maximise on the strengths and the same time work towards minimising the weakness (Helms & Nixon, 2010). For comprehensive coverage of the internal environment of the organisation, there is need to be aware of the perception of other people on the organization. This is important because they may see problems or assets that the organisation can’t see. To establish other people’s point of view apart from that the group that is developing the strategic plan, the team should include data collection from people on their perception. The information will be obtained by conducting focus groups, having listening sessions, conducting surveys and having meetings with people. By so doing, the strategic planning team will have a comprehensive coverage of its internal environment which will eventually lead to a more inclusive and well informed plan th at will maximize on the organisations challenges. While developing a strategic plan, analysis to the factors that an organisation does not have control over, is fundamental since it enable the team to develop a plan this is line with its external environment. The external environment is made up of the opportunities and threats

English settlement in the Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English settlement in the Americas - Essay Example The colonization had made Spain the wealthiest nation, during the later years of the 1500s. The inflow of the English was triggered by the need to colonize and explore the Americas, after they saw that Spain was growing extremely rich during the sixteenth century (Benedict 1996). However, the colonization and the exploration style of England was different from that of Portugal and Spain, as England privatized its exploration, through granting letters of Marquis and charters to the individuals that captured English colonies as economic strongholds. This paper will explore the motives behind the development of English settlements in the Americas, both from the perspective of the settlers and official policy formulations (Starkey 1998). The motives included mercantilism, which is the economic outlook of integrating private and government efforts, towards fostering economic development. The aims of the system included managing all the components of American trade, including transport, pr oduction and retailing – under the control of England. ... There was also the spread of Protestantism, partly due to Henry VIII’s pursuit of getting a male child. After the death of Edward in 1553, Mary I took over, and she started killing Protestants, so that she could restore England to Catholicism. On one occasion, she commanded the execution of 300 Protestants for heresy, and had them burnt. During the time of fleeing England to avoid persecution, and after the reign of Elizabeth, the English settled in the Americas – and in the process realized the goal of expanding their religious coverage (Spielvogel 2000). The English sought to expand the coverage of their religion, as there was the common view that Spanish Catholicism was evil. As a result, the attacks staged on Spanish ships by Sir Francis, while in the American waters were hailed as a heroic act, and not pirate activity. The demolition of the Spanish armada paved way for the English explorers to colonize the Americas, which was also an effort to contain the spread of Catholicism. The development of English settlements in the Americas was also triggered by the population increase of the 1500s. During the time, England passed laws on enclosure, making all land private, which made it very difficult for commoners to feed their animals at public lands. The shift towards privatizing land resulted from the increase in the price of wool. As a result, land owners decided to stop the competition for provision of wool by increasing their farm lands and to increase their wealth through the trade. The shift increased wool production, but also led to an increase in the number of landless people, who has sustained their livelihood by grazing at public lands. Also, between 1530

Cyclermate Report Essay Example for Free

Cyclermate Report Essay I. An executive summary Dai Armstrong and Lewis Llewellyn are the two men who planned to open their own company after being superfluous due to the shutting down of the steel plants in their town of South Wales were Dai Armstrong and Lewis Llewellyn. They became good friends because of taking part in the local club of cycle touring together and decided to start Cyclermate, which was a bicycle manufacturing company that was laid down in the year 1988. In the beginning of time, Cyclermate gained a huge influence over the share of the market. The company appeared well with no problems and difficulties up to 2010, the time when the business is in trouble, it confronted lots of consequences with respect to operation human resource and finance. Therefore, the demand by purchasers fell continue sadly even though the prices were cut down by the company; the distinguishing attributes of the goods were not up to the quality as they were earlier. The rising complaints from the customers regarding degrading quality and faults in the product and the concern by the bank manager regarding the overdraft could cause trouble if the problems are not solved as soon as possible. Because of that, the company requires a right way to deal with this issue and save it from the edge of going bankrupt. II. Introduction Based on case study research in Cyclermate Ltd. and a series of case in community, this report will work out the financial problems and various other problems confronted by Cyclermate. It has been designed to analysis the business environment and management, measured by SWOT and PET models that are required to be looked upon. The report also draws on a brief summary for the financial side of the business. In addition, this report takes into account an examination of difficulties confronted by Cyclermate and possible solution for the problems, included short and long term solutions. Another function of this report is to examine how the company could get out of the crisis and get back to the current market share. Finally, the report brings us some recommendations and conclusion of the whole Cyclermate case study. III. Analysis of Business Environment 1. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is involved in the chief external environmental that effect or control considerably a business strategy. As we can see, PEST is aimed for Political, Economic, Social and Technological matters that can affect the business. PEST is recognized to persuade it in a utile manner of summarizing the external environment. However, it may be adopted the ability of how an establishment should react to these factors. Political Factor A political factor has a powerful impact on income tax, labor law, trade restriction and many more. Company did not recruit enough workers to meet the targets and worker had to work overtime to get the work done and workers are getting paid at normal rate. Using a traditional method may harm workers health and decreased their productivity as well. These mistakes made Cyclermate become a target of health and safety agencies. They have to improve the quality or else they can be stuck in authorized issues. On the  other hand, they also need to achieve higher standard in manufacturing to meet requirements of the market, especially foreign markets. Economic Factor Cyclermate had purchased a larger storehouse for goods, which indeed was essential to them but did not suffice their requirements. Purchasing a warehouse, which fulfilled the needs of the company, could have saved a lot of money and that same money could have used in new or currently in existence projects. Another factor in economics that affects to the development of Cyclermate Ltd is labor. The unemployment rate is increasing, therefore, this is a good chance for this company to choose worker more easily, and employ them easily with affordable price. Social Factor Social factor has a powerful impact on human behavior, Cyclermate had many order but they did not have enough workforce to complete these orders. They have to work long hours in order to achieve their goals. One more important thing is that high-speed innovation as well as the increasing demands of consumers requires Cyclermate to change and improve every day. But there is a truly infact that living standard of clients could effect to their choices. The higher income distribution they get, the higher demands they re Technological Factor Cyclermate Ltd is using the oldest way to advertise their products by posting advertisement in traditional newspapers. It has limited their goods to the customers. Instead, this company can set up its own website. In addition, Cyclermate Ltd is using the oldest way to advertise their products by posting advertisement in traditional newspapers. It has limited their goods to the customers. Instead, this company can set up its own website. 2. SWOT Analysis It is a methodical technique that is utilized to categorize and identify substantial external (Opportunities and Threats) and internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) factors confronted with a specific area. (Johnson, 1993) It  renders data which are useful in corresponding the capabilities and resources to the spiritual atmosphere in which it functions and hence is a significant addition to the planning and marketing procedure. (Pearce, 2005) Let have look at the SWOT of cyclermate to understand more about the current issue that company has to face with. Strengths Direct channels of sale Cyclermate has direct channels of sales with the direct sales and direct shops; hence intermediary’s cost is largely eliminated. Reducing the cost of manufacturing could unquestionably help Cyclermate achieve a huge share of the market. As direct channels are in direct contact with the providers, thus, it could help in increasing in quantity or value of the sales and it provides a good opportunity to the providers to empathize the clients and could make required changes are per the requirement of the customers. Motivated workforce The employees at the Cyclermate are extremely pioneering and are can fully utilize and achieve any given objective or alterations in the company but they are inhibited by the administration as a result they are unable to express their views freely. The employees could have a crucial role in the company for its overall growth and development. Possession of buildings and lands Unlike Cyclermate most of the companies don’t possess either building or land and hence have to pay the heavy rents which adds to the cost but cyclermate can make any changes in the buildings and could capitalize in whichever way they wish to as they own it, which reduces the overall cost. Weaknesses Inexperience and unmotivated staffs of the company The company has made use of untrained workers. These untrained workers are not given the proper training after their employment. It is the fact that the employees and the staff are never allowed to put forward their creative and self-ideas due to the policies of the management, as a result of this  motivation in the staff is lost. Sales are decreasing in amount or degree and there is piling up of stocks in the warehouses which generates a feeling among the staff that they are not under a good management and as this feeling flourishes they lose hopes from the company and it has a very bad impact on their morale. The investors do not truly interested in the business Due to the low returns on the capital invested by the investors, they are unhappy with the performance of the company and are losing faith in it. In addition, the very fact that the shareholders were not paid any interest last year, it may result in the withdrawal of their money from the company. The quality concerns Because lack of the power to be effective of the staffs to keep up the measures of the goods and the quality of raw material utilized is leading to degraded quality of the goods eventually. Old machinery such as traditional spaying technique, painting and low-quality stock control technology needs updating as soon as possible if the business hopes to improve the production and sales in the coming time. Opportunities Take the advantages of social media Cyclermate should launch its website, which provides complete detail and range of the products available with them. Company can employ a new computer system for keeping a good database of the company. They can introduce online selling and modification according to the wish of customers. Introduction of new machines They should introduce some of the modern machinery in order to achieve higher-level productivity. Cyclermate could bring in new robotic machinery in the production process that will lead to speedy output and a superior quality of goods. Employ trained workers They have the opportunity to make use of the trained workforce, which has been recently laid off from the nearby production site. More workforce means opportunity to gain more productivity. Threats Overseas competitors As a result of the growth to a global or worldwide scale, many companies from across the globe have entered the market with products of low price and high quality, which certainly is a threat for Cyclermate as it supplies good with high cost and of lower quality. Due to recession, which is prevailing in Europe the purchasing power of people is going down. Thus, company can have reduced sales or can face financial crises. Reputation Due to poor-quality product for a period of Cyclermate’s reputation is going down and therefore people do not like to go for their products. Huge retail Merchants Retail Merchants like Argos and Halfords are captivating the market eventually and it might happen that Cyclermate may lose the market share completely. Customer threatens them to sue their company after their product was fail in delivering the good performance. IV. Analysis of Business Management 1. Financial Problems Prob. 1.1: Uncontrolled cost The main problem that company is in this situation is because of the uncontrolled cost and mismanaged budget. The costs are increasing yearly with the sales and selling price of the products going down. Let have look at the financial statement that company has  £210,800 worth of non-current assets. Loan request will be refused as company only holds cash fund of  £675 into their bank account. Costs are increasing at a rapid rate year after year. Asset turnover ratio is 2.06:1. This indicates that the profit margins for the company are very low that’s why the ratio is so high. We can also conclude from this that the company’s pricing strategy is not effective leading to lower profits. Prob. 1.2: Dealing with a big loan Creditor days – 24 days leads to the company has to pay back it its debtors in 24 days and it is just left with 675 £ of cash. The Company is liable to pay  £87,500 to the creditors and if they don’t so a legal action may be taken on them, which are not good for company’s reputation. They may talk to the creditors and ask for an extension in time for payments as they are going through financial crisis and don’t have money right now to pay back. Prob. 1.3: Lots of inventories Besides, it shows that the majority of inventories are stored and not effectively managed, that is why current ratio is at such high level, which also means low sales and low revenue gained. Moreover, the company relies on the bank loan as the main monetary support. 2. Operation Problems Prob. 2.1: Stock control system Disturbingly, materials are always in the shortage which results in the disruption of the production process recently. Although the demand is higher and higher, company cannot meet their requirement because of lacking necessary components. Prob. 2.2: Inappropriate division of duties The inappropriate division of duties obviously had made such a burden on many workers. In particular, Dai Armstrong has to deal with many tasks such as making all the frames, factory manager and business director at the same time. He himself also finds it hard to keep up the level of production (approximately 8 frames/day) because it requires the harsh physical demands. Prob. 2.3: Assembly is a complex process Moreover, assembly is a complex process, which takes 2 or 3 hours for one person. Janice Jones and Ffred Gregory often have to work overtime to catch up with the progress. As a result, their health and time issue could be heavily damaged. 3. HR Management problems Prob. 3.1: Improper workforce in manufacturing Unreasonable workforce division is one of the most serious problems of Cyclermate Ltd. Besides, lack of experienced employees and the aging workforce are worrying the production process and raising a big question for a more effective training system. Prob. 3.2: The training system creates The training system creates such obstacles for the assembly process. Typically, Fred, who is 18 years old, is a new and un-experienced person; the training for him is necessary, however, not easy at all. It takes so much time to instruct Fred in traditional way, which is apparently the cause of slow production recently. Prob. 3.3: Corporate culture The staff is highly de-motivated due to decreasing sales and profits and also the behavior of the management as in the sinking company they are not free to put up their ideas even if they do they are rejected because of the superiority of the management. V. Solution A. Short term and immediate planning 1. Financial problems: Solution 1.1: Cost in selling and distribution Cost in selling and distribution could be possible declined to save more money for the company such as cutting cost for postage and courier charges by substituting by cheaper service, as well as the travelling and hospitality. Those indirect costs contribute such high cost to the manufacturing of the cycles, restricting them would help boost the sales with cheaper price. Solution 1.2: Ask for trading debtors to repay The solution to this issue is that they should strictly resolve and for the  trade debtors to repay the loans as soon as possible. The amount of $200,571 would help the financial situation better in the coming time. Once their assets are raised through and their liquidity are proved to be valuable enough to afford the loan, it will be beneficial for them to borrow money from the banks. Solution 1.3: Direct sale prices Cyclermate’s direct sale prices are higher than shop sale price. In order to generate healthy revenue, Cyclermate needs to reduce their direct sale price. By reducing the direct sale prices will increase their sale and it will be easy for them to generate healthy revenue. 2. Operation Problems Solution 2.1: Buy stock when needed Company should only buy stock when they needed. Buying stock earlier will harm company’s financial positions, because raw material does not hold their value and it has got more chances of losing its market value. Solution 2.2: Require clear division A good answer for this problem is that the company should require clear division to who is able to undertake and separate arrangement of duties. Specifically, assigning other qualified person on frame-making position so that Mr. Dai could concentrate and dedicate himself to external relations business only. Solution 2.3: hiring more experienced labors The company should consider hiring more experienced labors for assemble line and frame-making because Mr Dai can no longer put up with the physical requirement of the task. With those simple tasks like packaging, it is acceptable for free hand employees to help out, but only when they finished all their tasks. 3. HR Management problems Solution 3.1: Employ cheaper labors In this case, the company can consider employ cheaper labors that are  suggested by Maldwyn Jones: Chinese or Taiwanese labor to make the machine for them- much better quality but half the price and move Idris Pugh to higher position as a supervisor for the whole wheel-making process. Solution 3.2: Improving the staff’s skills This training program involves directly in the new changes with a purpose of improving the staff’s skills, expertise and methods to complete an error-free task, exposing them to unfamiliar ideas and of course, giving them the chance to practice task under time/speed limit. Solution 3.3: Core business value Trust in others and a firm belief in overcoming difficulties (set up new mission: overcome difficulty, minimize waste and consequence) B. Long term and efficiency improvements Present fiscal condition of Cyclermate (Accounting ratios).The acid / liquid ratio of Cyclermate is 0.76:1, which depicts Cyclermate is incapable to satisfy indebtednesses of shorter term, which mean that it would not be competent to satisfy fiscal difficulty which may happen in the time to come. The Asset turnover ratio for Cyclermate is 2.06:1. As the ratio is excessively high, this means that profit margins are very low. The pricing strategy of Cyclermate is ineffective and because of that low profit. Return on capital employed –Cyclermate has far too less returns on the capital employed, just a mere 0.11 or 11%. Debtor days –It would take Cyclermate 115 days to get back the money from debtors. Creditor days – Cyclermate has to pay back in 24 days to its debtors with a cash balance of 675 £. The financial statement of Cyclermate shows that it has non-current assets which is of worth  £210,800.Any request regarding a loan from the bank will be refused as it has a mere cash balance of  £675. It may get a loan based on the position of its non-current assets. In place of the above-discussed alternative, it can sell its freehold land, which is worth  £160,000, and use the proceeds from the sale in the business. Cyclermate could acquire funds if they pursue its trade debtors to pay off soon. Debtors worth  £200,571 are to be recovered and the funds would be acquired soon if the debtors do not  default and pay in full. Once it has sufficient fund, Cyclermate could apply for the bank loan. VI. Conclusion Overall, Cyclermate will have a better future if they operate their business in slightly different ways. Cyclermate products were famous for its quality and price,if the company still provide what the consumer wants than it would be no harm to the company. But there few changes needs to be changed and once the new rules and regulation apply into the business than it would be a great opportunity for Cyclermate to operate their services. Moreover, With the movement of new threats into the marketplace the present systematic plan of action of Cyclermate is continuously below the acceptable level in its performance due to the fact that the new firms and the existing organizations are coming up with improved quality of products at a cheaper price VII. Recommendations The company must sign up correct individual as per the requirement of the position. Currently the management is interfering in the process of production and is unable to focus of the activities they should be concerned. The financial hardships through which Cyclermate is going through at present could be resolved by selling the unused stock that is piled up in the warehouse. In order to generate revenues and funds to invest in other arena of the company, Cyclermate must sell its freehold land that would certainly generate high revenue. In order to achieve higher output and productivity, modern technology should be applied in the production process. Installing a computer database through which the management could look into all the important and relevant data as and when required. Cyclermate should launch its website, which provides complete detail and range of the products available with them. Reducing both direct sales prices so as to sell the current stock and trade debtors. Employing young and trained workforce that is fit for the position.